Immunomodulacja: leczenie żywieniem – cz. I

Immunonutrition – part I

Nutritional immunology is an emerging field of study that evolved with the study of nutritional deficiencies caused by malnutrition. While malnutrition still remains a worldwide problem, with the advances made in nutrition over the past few decades, lowered immune status because of life-stage (neonate or old age) and stress are becoming the major causes of lowered immune status in both humans and animals. Unlike immunodeficiency caused by malnutrition, life-stage and stress related issues need a comprehensive strategy and cannot be addressed simply by correcting nutritional problems. Lowered immune status because of life-stage or stress is characterized by reduced antigen presenting cells (APC) function, resulting in a less efficient or altered immune response, leading to increased susceptibility to infections disease, increase in autoimmunity and cancers.

Besides providing essential nutrients, diet can actively influence the immune system. Over 65% of the immune cells in the body are located in the gut, technically making the gut the ‘largest immune organ’. The immune receptors of the innate immune system present in the gut are the primary targets of strategies for immunomodulation via diet. Diet interacts with the immune system at multiple levels, from providing basic nutrients, to providing higher levels of key nutrients such as protein, vitamins & minerals, leading to a more focused modulation of the immune system. A framework outlining this interaction, along with relevant examples, is proposed in this review.

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