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Molecular diagnostics
Molecular-based diagnostics include tests that detect specific mutations, chromosomal aberrations, or clonality. Detection of genetic abnormalities is now the cornerstone of human leukemia diagnosis and classification. Veterinary medicine is slowly making progress towards genetic characterization of neoplastic diseases; most of the research has been done in dogs. Defining specific mutations associated with specific leukemias has added complexity to human classification systems but has also resulted in more accurate prognosis as well as development of specific targeted therapies.
For example, in humans CML is defined by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, a translocation that results in production of the BCR-ABL fusion protein. Blocking the tyrosine kinase activity of this protein is the basis for several successful chemotherapeutic agents, such as imatinib (Glivec®). Recent research has detected a similar chromosome translocation in several canine leukemias including CML (3, 5). Thus the potential exists for tyrosine kinase inhibitors to be successfully used for treatment of some canine leukemias.
Most molecular-based assays are being used on an experimental basis in veterinary medical research. However, there is a clonality assay that is now available for clinical use. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements (PARR) is a DNA-based assay that can differentiate clonal from non-clonal populations of lymphocytes (4). This assay exploits the fact that lymphocytes rearrange germ-line DNA into unique antigen receptor binding sites that are present in their [...]
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