Chirurgia dróg oddechowych Syndrom brachycefaliczny – wprowadzenie

Other anatomic and functional changes observed in brachycephalic breeds

Tracheal stenosis

The trachea of some brachycephalic dog, particularly bulldogs, is clearly hypoplastic. However, this is thought to be due to abnormal embryogenesis (Coyne and Fingland 1992) and is not a sequela of a more cranially situated stenosis (Harvey and Fink 1982).

Laryngeal diseases

Laryngeal diseases associated with BS include mucosal edema, everted laryngeal saccules (ELS) and laryngeal collapse. They are thought to be secondary to the turbulent airflow and chronic high negative pressures in the pharynx (Koch et al. 2003; Monnet 2003; Pink et al. 2006; Torrez and Hunt 2006; Riecks et al. 2007).

In one early classification, everted laryngeal saccules were considered the first degree of laryngeal collapse (Leonard 1960). In this classification, stage 2 was characterized by a medial displacement of the cuneiform processes of the arytenoid cartilages, and stage 3 by a collapse of the corniculate processes of the arytenoid cartilages with loss of the dorsal arch of the rima glottis. However, laryngeal collapse can be more accurately defined as loss of mechanical rigidity of the laryngeal cartilages (chondromalacia), making it incapable of withstanding high pharyngeal negative pressures without collapsing. It seems that this is particularly true in Pugs. Everted saccules, or laryngoceles, are formed by eversion of [...]

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