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Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms

Chronic leukemias are poorly characterized in veterinary species. In general these diseases have peripheral blood increases in mature cells of granulocyte, monocyte, erythroid or platelet lineages and have low blast counts in bone marrow. They have a more prolonged clinical course than AML, but most eventually terminate in a blast crisis. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been reported in a few dogs and cats, and is usually predominantly neutrophils with a marked left shift; underlying inflammation or paraneoplastic syndrome are possible differentials that must be ruled out.

Few case reports of chronic monocytic, myelomonocytic, basophilic or eosinophilic leukemia exist in the veterinary literature. Hypereosinophilic syndrome also occurs, and although that disorder is not clonal it may be impossible to differentiate from eosinophilic leukemia. Polycythemia vera is characterized by clonal erythropoiesis, and essential thrombocythemia by clonal thrombopoiesis. Polycythemia vera results in markedly increased hematocrit, and must be differentiated from more common causes of relative and absolute erythrocytosis; it is a diagnosis of exclusion. Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (primary myelofibrosis) is a neoplastic proliferation of megakaryocyte and granulocyte precursors associated with marked reactive stromal proliferation resulting in severe myelofibrosis. This entity is rare in dogs and cats; most cases of myelofibrosis are secondary to other disorders.

Mast cell leukemia

Neoplastic mast cells may circulate in peripheral blood secondary [...]

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